Mechanics of Offshore Pipelines /
Kyriakides, S.,
Mechanics of Offshore Pipelines / by Stelios Kyriakides and Edmundo Corona. - xiii, 401 Pages: illustrations (some color) ; 25 cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
volume 1. Buckling and collapse. Prefacep. xi
1 Introductionp. 1
1.1 Offshore Pipeline Design Considerationsp. 6
1.2 Buckling and Collapse of Structuresp. 8
1.3 Buckle Propagation in Offshore Pipelinesp. 12
2 Offshore Facilities and Pipeline Installation Methodsp. 15
2.1 Offshore Platforms and Related Production Systemsp. 16
2.1.1 Fixed Platformsp. 16
2.1.2 Floating and Tethered Platformsp. 22
2.2 Offshore Pipeline Installation Methodsp. 34
2.2.1 S-Layp. 34
2.2.2 J-Layp. 38
2.2.3 Reelingp. 43
2.2.4 Towingp. 48
2.3 The Mardi Gras Projectp. 52
3 Pipe and Tube Manufacturing Processesp. 59
3.1 Steelmaking for Line Pipep. 60
3.1.1 Strengthening of Steelp. 60
3.2 Plate Productionp. 63
3.2.1 Steelmakingp. 64
3.2.2 Vertical Continuous Casting of Slabsp. 64
3.2.3 Plate Rollingp. 65
3.3 Seamless Pipep. 70
3.3.1 Continuous Casting of Round Billetsp. 70
3.3.2 Plug Millp. 72
3.3.3 Mandrel Millp. 74
3.3.4 Pilger Millp. 76
3.4 Electric Resistance Welded Pipep. 78
3.5 Spiral Weld Pipep. 80
3.6 UOE Pipe Manufacturep. 81
3.7 JCO Formingp. 86
4 Buckling and Collapse Under External Pressurep. 89
4.1 Elastic Bucklingp. 89
4.1.1 Imperfect Pipep. 92
4.2 Plastic Bucklingp. 94
4.2.1 Lateral Pressurep. 96
4.2.2 Hydrostatic Pressurep. 97
4.2.3 Pressure with Zero Axial Strainp. 97
4.3 Nonlinear Formulationp. 99
4.3.1 Kinematicsp. 100
4.3.2 Constitutive Behaviorp. 100
4.3.3 Principle of Virtual Workp. 101
4.3.4 Examplesp. 102
4.4 Factors Affecting Pipe Collapsep. 104
4.4.1 Collapse Pressure Experimentsp. 104
4.4.2 Prediction of Collapse Pressuresp. 106
4.4.3 Effect of Initial Ovalityp. 108
4.4.4 Type of Pressure Loadingp. 111
4.4.5 Wall Thickness Variationsp. 112
4.4.6 Effect of Material Stress-Strain Responsep. 114
4.4.7 Residual Stressesp. 115
4.4.8 Anisotropic Yieldingp. 115
4.4.9 An Approximate Estimate of Collapse Pressurep. 117
4.5 Representative Seamless Pipe Imperfectionsp. 118
4.5.1 Imperfection Scanning Systemp. 118
4.5.2 Data Reductionp. 119
4.5.3 Four Examplesp. 121
4.6 Conclusions and Design Recommendationsp. 128
5 Collapse of UOE Pipe Under External Pressurep. 131
5.1 Collapse Pressure of UOE Pipep. 131
5.2 Prediction of Collapse Pressure of UOE Pipep. 136
5.3 Improvement of Compressive Properties by Heat Treatment of the Pipep. 137
5.4 One-Dimensional Model of UOE Pipe Formingp. 140
5.5 Two-Dimensional Models of UOE/UOCp. 144
5.5.1 UOE/UOC Forming Stepsp. 144
5.5.2 Numerical Simulationp. 147
5.5.3 An Example of UOE Formingp. 148
5.5.4 Parametric Study-Optimization of UOE/UOCp. 155
5.6 Conclusions and Recommendationsp. 161
6 Collapse of Dented Pipes Under External Pressurep. 164
6.1 Dent Characteristicsp. 164
6.2 Denting and Collapse Experimentsp. 165
6.2.1 Indentionp. 165
6.2.2 Collapse Experimentsp. 168
6.3 Modeling of Denting and Collapsep. 170
6.3.1 Prediction of Collapse Pressure of Dented Tubesp. 171
6.4 Universal Collapse Resistance Curves for Dented Pipesp. 175
6.4.1 Localization of Collapse Under External Pressurep. 175
6.4.2 The Universal Collapse Resistance Curvep. 177
6.5 Conclusions and Recommendationsp. 180
7 Buckling and Collapse Under Combined External Pressure and Tensionp. 181
7.1 Elastic Bucklingp. 183
7.2 Plastic Bucklingp. 185
7.3 Nonlinear Formulationp. 186
7.3.1 Examplesp. 187
7.4 Collapse Under External Pressure and Tensionp. 188
7.4.1 Experimental Results and Numerical Predictionsp. 190
7.5 Additional Parametric Studyp. 192
7.6 Conclusions and Recommendationsp. 194
8 Inelastic Response, Buckling and Collapse Under Pure Bendingp. 196
8.1 Features of Inelastic Bendingp. 196
8.2 Bending Experimentsp. 198
8.3 Formulationp. 208
8.3.1 Kinematicsp. 209
8.3.2 Constitutive Behaviorp. 210
8.3.3 Principle of Virtual Workp. 210
8.3.4 Bifurcation Buckling Under Pure Bendingp. 211
8.4 Predictionsp. 214
8.5 Parametric Studyp. 219
8.6 Summary and Recommendationsp. 223
9 Buckling and Collapse Under Combined Bending and External Pressurep. 225
9.1 Features of Inelastic Bending of Tubes Under External Pressurep. 225
9.2 Combined Bending-External Pressure Experimentsp. 226
9.2.1 Test Facilitiesp. 227
9.2.2 Experimental Resultsp. 229
9.3 Formulationp. 233
9.3.1 Principle of Virtual Workp. 234
9.3.2 Bifurcation Buckling Under Combined Bending and External Pressurep. 235
9.4 Predictionsp. 235
9.5 Factors That Affect Collapsep. 238
9.5.1 Effect of Hardening Rulep. 238
9.5.2 Bifurcation Bucklingp. 239
9.5.3 Effect of Residual Stressesp. 240
9.5.4 Asymmetric Modes of Collapsep. 243
9.5.5 Effect of Wall Thickness Variationsp. 248
9.5.6 Effect of Material Stress-Strain Responsep. 249
9.5.7 Effect of Anisotropic Yieldingp. 250
9.6 Collapse of UOE Pipe Bent Under External Pressurep. 251
9.6.1 Experimentsp. 252
9.6.2 Analysisp. 256
9.7 Conclusions and Recommendationsp. 257
10 Inelastic Response Under Combined Bending and Tensionp. 260
10.1 Features of Tube Bending Under Tensionp. 261
10.2 Combined Bending-Tension Experimentsp. 261
10.2.1 Test Facilityp. 261
10.2.2 Experimental Procedure and Resultsp. 264
10.3.2 Formulationp. 270
10.4 Predictionsp. 274
10.4.1 Simulation of Experimentsp. 274
10.5 Parametric Studyp. 275
10.5.1 Effect of Loading Pathp. 275
10.5.2 Transverse Force on Axis of Pipep. 276
10.5.3 Effect of Curvaturep. 276
10.5.4 Effect of Yield Anisotropy and Residual Stressesp. 277
10.6 Conclusions and Recommendationsp. 278
11 Plastic Buckling and Collapse Under Axial Compressionp. 280
11.1 Features of Axial Plastic Bucklingp. 281
11.2 Axial Buckling Experimentsp. 283
11.2.1 Experimental Setupp. 283
11.2.2 Experimental Resultsp. 285
11.3 Onset of Axisymmetric Wrinklingp. 293
11.3.1 Formulationp. 293
11.3.2 Predictionsp. 296
11.4 Evolution of Wrinklingp. 297
11.4.1 Kinematicsp. 297
11.4.2 Principle of Virtual Workp. 299
11.4.3 Constitutive Equationsp. 299
11.4.4 Axisymmetric Solutionp. 299
11.4.5 Localization of Axisymmetric Wrinklingp. 304
11.4.6 Bifurcation into Non-Axisymmetric Buckling Modesp. 305
11.5 Non-Axisymmetric Buckling and Collapsep. 308
11.5.1 Resultsp. 309
11.6 Parametric Studyp. 314
11.7 Summary and Recommendationsp. 316
12 Combined Internal Pressure and Axial Compressionp. 319
12.1 Combined Axial Compression-Internal Pressure Experimentsp. 319
12.1.1 Experimental Set-Upp. 320
12.1.2 Experimental Resultsp. 321
12.2 Onset of Axisymmetric Wrinklingp. 327
12.2.1 Formulationp. 327
12.2.2 Predictionsp. 328
12.3 Evolution of Wrinklingp. 329
12.4 Parametric Studyp. 332
12.5 Summary and Recommendationsp. 334
13 Elements of Plasticity Theoryp. 336
13.1 Preliminariesp. 336
13.1.1 Aspects of Uniaxial Behaviorp. 336
13.1.2 Discontinuous Yieldingp. 339
13.1.3 Multiaxial Behaviorp. 342
13.1.4 Yield Criteriap. 342
13.2 Incremental Plasticityp. 345
13.2.1 The Flow Rulep. 345
13.2.2 J[subscript 2] Flow Theory with Isotropic Hardeningp. 346
13.3 The Deformation Theory of Plasticityp. 349
13.3.1 The J[subscript 2] Deformation Theoryp. 349
13.3.2 Incremental J[subscript 2] Deformation Theoryp. 350
13.3.3 Anisotropic Deformation Theoryp. 351
13.4 Nonlinear Kinematic Hardeningp. 352
13.4.1 The Drucker-Palgen Model [13.19]p. 353
13.4.2 The Dafalias-Popov Two-Surface Modelp. 355
13.4.3 The Tseng-Lee Two-Surface Modelp. 358
Appendix A Mechanical Testingp. 361
A.1 Tensile and Compressive Material Stress-Strain Responsesp. 361
A.1.1 Tension Testsp. 361
A.1.2 Compression Testsp. 363
A.2 Toughnessp. 365
A.2.1 Charpy V-Notch Impact Test (CVN)p. 365
A.2.2 Drop-Weight Tear Test (DWTT)p. 368
A.3 Hardness Testsp. 368
A.4 Residual Stressesp. 369
Appendix B Plastic Anisotropy in Tubesp. 371
B.1 Anisotropy Testsp. 371
B.1.1 Lateral Pressure Testp. 372
B.1.2 Hydrostatic Pressure Testp. 373
B.1.3 Torsion Testp. 374
Appendix C The Ramberg-Osgood Stress-Strain Fitp. 376
Appendix D Sanders' Circular Cylindrical Shell Equationsp. 378
Appendix E Stress-Strain Fitting for the Dafalias-Popov Modelp. 380
Appendix F Stress-Strain Fitting for the Tseng-Lee Modelp. 383
Appendix G Glossary and Nomenclaturep. 386
Appendix H Units and Conversionsp. 393
Indexp. 395
Offshore oil and gas production was conducted throughout the entire 20th century, but the industry's modern importance and vibrancy did not start until the early 1970s, when the North Sea became a major producer. Since then, the expansion of the offshore oil industry has been continuous and rapid.
Pipelines, and more generally long tubular structures, are major oil and gas industry tools used in exploration, drilling, production, and transmission. Installing and operating tubular structures in deep waters places unique demands on them. Technical challenges within the field have spawned significant research and development efforts in a broad range of areas.
Volume I addresses problems of buckling and collapse of long inelastic cylinders under various loads encountered in the offshore arena. Several of the solutions are also directly applicable to land pipelines. The approach of Mechanics of Offshore Pipelines is problem oriented. The background of each problem and scenario are first outlined and each discussion finishes with design recommendations.
9780080467320 (v. 1) : £54.99 0080467326 (v. 1) : £54.99
GBA720201 bnb
013694067 Uk
Petroleum pipelines.
Natural gas pipelines.
Underwater pipelines.
Offshore structures.
665.544 / K.S.M.
Mechanics of Offshore Pipelines / by Stelios Kyriakides and Edmundo Corona. - xiii, 401 Pages: illustrations (some color) ; 25 cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
volume 1. Buckling and collapse. Prefacep. xi
1 Introductionp. 1
1.1 Offshore Pipeline Design Considerationsp. 6
1.2 Buckling and Collapse of Structuresp. 8
1.3 Buckle Propagation in Offshore Pipelinesp. 12
2 Offshore Facilities and Pipeline Installation Methodsp. 15
2.1 Offshore Platforms and Related Production Systemsp. 16
2.1.1 Fixed Platformsp. 16
2.1.2 Floating and Tethered Platformsp. 22
2.2 Offshore Pipeline Installation Methodsp. 34
2.2.1 S-Layp. 34
2.2.2 J-Layp. 38
2.2.3 Reelingp. 43
2.2.4 Towingp. 48
2.3 The Mardi Gras Projectp. 52
3 Pipe and Tube Manufacturing Processesp. 59
3.1 Steelmaking for Line Pipep. 60
3.1.1 Strengthening of Steelp. 60
3.2 Plate Productionp. 63
3.2.1 Steelmakingp. 64
3.2.2 Vertical Continuous Casting of Slabsp. 64
3.2.3 Plate Rollingp. 65
3.3 Seamless Pipep. 70
3.3.1 Continuous Casting of Round Billetsp. 70
3.3.2 Plug Millp. 72
3.3.3 Mandrel Millp. 74
3.3.4 Pilger Millp. 76
3.4 Electric Resistance Welded Pipep. 78
3.5 Spiral Weld Pipep. 80
3.6 UOE Pipe Manufacturep. 81
3.7 JCO Formingp. 86
4 Buckling and Collapse Under External Pressurep. 89
4.1 Elastic Bucklingp. 89
4.1.1 Imperfect Pipep. 92
4.2 Plastic Bucklingp. 94
4.2.1 Lateral Pressurep. 96
4.2.2 Hydrostatic Pressurep. 97
4.2.3 Pressure with Zero Axial Strainp. 97
4.3 Nonlinear Formulationp. 99
4.3.1 Kinematicsp. 100
4.3.2 Constitutive Behaviorp. 100
4.3.3 Principle of Virtual Workp. 101
4.3.4 Examplesp. 102
4.4 Factors Affecting Pipe Collapsep. 104
4.4.1 Collapse Pressure Experimentsp. 104
4.4.2 Prediction of Collapse Pressuresp. 106
4.4.3 Effect of Initial Ovalityp. 108
4.4.4 Type of Pressure Loadingp. 111
4.4.5 Wall Thickness Variationsp. 112
4.4.6 Effect of Material Stress-Strain Responsep. 114
4.4.7 Residual Stressesp. 115
4.4.8 Anisotropic Yieldingp. 115
4.4.9 An Approximate Estimate of Collapse Pressurep. 117
4.5 Representative Seamless Pipe Imperfectionsp. 118
4.5.1 Imperfection Scanning Systemp. 118
4.5.2 Data Reductionp. 119
4.5.3 Four Examplesp. 121
4.6 Conclusions and Design Recommendationsp. 128
5 Collapse of UOE Pipe Under External Pressurep. 131
5.1 Collapse Pressure of UOE Pipep. 131
5.2 Prediction of Collapse Pressure of UOE Pipep. 136
5.3 Improvement of Compressive Properties by Heat Treatment of the Pipep. 137
5.4 One-Dimensional Model of UOE Pipe Formingp. 140
5.5 Two-Dimensional Models of UOE/UOCp. 144
5.5.1 UOE/UOC Forming Stepsp. 144
5.5.2 Numerical Simulationp. 147
5.5.3 An Example of UOE Formingp. 148
5.5.4 Parametric Study-Optimization of UOE/UOCp. 155
5.6 Conclusions and Recommendationsp. 161
6 Collapse of Dented Pipes Under External Pressurep. 164
6.1 Dent Characteristicsp. 164
6.2 Denting and Collapse Experimentsp. 165
6.2.1 Indentionp. 165
6.2.2 Collapse Experimentsp. 168
6.3 Modeling of Denting and Collapsep. 170
6.3.1 Prediction of Collapse Pressure of Dented Tubesp. 171
6.4 Universal Collapse Resistance Curves for Dented Pipesp. 175
6.4.1 Localization of Collapse Under External Pressurep. 175
6.4.2 The Universal Collapse Resistance Curvep. 177
6.5 Conclusions and Recommendationsp. 180
7 Buckling and Collapse Under Combined External Pressure and Tensionp. 181
7.1 Elastic Bucklingp. 183
7.2 Plastic Bucklingp. 185
7.3 Nonlinear Formulationp. 186
7.3.1 Examplesp. 187
7.4 Collapse Under External Pressure and Tensionp. 188
7.4.1 Experimental Results and Numerical Predictionsp. 190
7.5 Additional Parametric Studyp. 192
7.6 Conclusions and Recommendationsp. 194
8 Inelastic Response, Buckling and Collapse Under Pure Bendingp. 196
8.1 Features of Inelastic Bendingp. 196
8.2 Bending Experimentsp. 198
8.3 Formulationp. 208
8.3.1 Kinematicsp. 209
8.3.2 Constitutive Behaviorp. 210
8.3.3 Principle of Virtual Workp. 210
8.3.4 Bifurcation Buckling Under Pure Bendingp. 211
8.4 Predictionsp. 214
8.5 Parametric Studyp. 219
8.6 Summary and Recommendationsp. 223
9 Buckling and Collapse Under Combined Bending and External Pressurep. 225
9.1 Features of Inelastic Bending of Tubes Under External Pressurep. 225
9.2 Combined Bending-External Pressure Experimentsp. 226
9.2.1 Test Facilitiesp. 227
9.2.2 Experimental Resultsp. 229
9.3 Formulationp. 233
9.3.1 Principle of Virtual Workp. 234
9.3.2 Bifurcation Buckling Under Combined Bending and External Pressurep. 235
9.4 Predictionsp. 235
9.5 Factors That Affect Collapsep. 238
9.5.1 Effect of Hardening Rulep. 238
9.5.2 Bifurcation Bucklingp. 239
9.5.3 Effect of Residual Stressesp. 240
9.5.4 Asymmetric Modes of Collapsep. 243
9.5.5 Effect of Wall Thickness Variationsp. 248
9.5.6 Effect of Material Stress-Strain Responsep. 249
9.5.7 Effect of Anisotropic Yieldingp. 250
9.6 Collapse of UOE Pipe Bent Under External Pressurep. 251
9.6.1 Experimentsp. 252
9.6.2 Analysisp. 256
9.7 Conclusions and Recommendationsp. 257
10 Inelastic Response Under Combined Bending and Tensionp. 260
10.1 Features of Tube Bending Under Tensionp. 261
10.2 Combined Bending-Tension Experimentsp. 261
10.2.1 Test Facilityp. 261
10.2.2 Experimental Procedure and Resultsp. 264
10.3.2 Formulationp. 270
10.4 Predictionsp. 274
10.4.1 Simulation of Experimentsp. 274
10.5 Parametric Studyp. 275
10.5.1 Effect of Loading Pathp. 275
10.5.2 Transverse Force on Axis of Pipep. 276
10.5.3 Effect of Curvaturep. 276
10.5.4 Effect of Yield Anisotropy and Residual Stressesp. 277
10.6 Conclusions and Recommendationsp. 278
11 Plastic Buckling and Collapse Under Axial Compressionp. 280
11.1 Features of Axial Plastic Bucklingp. 281
11.2 Axial Buckling Experimentsp. 283
11.2.1 Experimental Setupp. 283
11.2.2 Experimental Resultsp. 285
11.3 Onset of Axisymmetric Wrinklingp. 293
11.3.1 Formulationp. 293
11.3.2 Predictionsp. 296
11.4 Evolution of Wrinklingp. 297
11.4.1 Kinematicsp. 297
11.4.2 Principle of Virtual Workp. 299
11.4.3 Constitutive Equationsp. 299
11.4.4 Axisymmetric Solutionp. 299
11.4.5 Localization of Axisymmetric Wrinklingp. 304
11.4.6 Bifurcation into Non-Axisymmetric Buckling Modesp. 305
11.5 Non-Axisymmetric Buckling and Collapsep. 308
11.5.1 Resultsp. 309
11.6 Parametric Studyp. 314
11.7 Summary and Recommendationsp. 316
12 Combined Internal Pressure and Axial Compressionp. 319
12.1 Combined Axial Compression-Internal Pressure Experimentsp. 319
12.1.1 Experimental Set-Upp. 320
12.1.2 Experimental Resultsp. 321
12.2 Onset of Axisymmetric Wrinklingp. 327
12.2.1 Formulationp. 327
12.2.2 Predictionsp. 328
12.3 Evolution of Wrinklingp. 329
12.4 Parametric Studyp. 332
12.5 Summary and Recommendationsp. 334
13 Elements of Plasticity Theoryp. 336
13.1 Preliminariesp. 336
13.1.1 Aspects of Uniaxial Behaviorp. 336
13.1.2 Discontinuous Yieldingp. 339
13.1.3 Multiaxial Behaviorp. 342
13.1.4 Yield Criteriap. 342
13.2 Incremental Plasticityp. 345
13.2.1 The Flow Rulep. 345
13.2.2 J[subscript 2] Flow Theory with Isotropic Hardeningp. 346
13.3 The Deformation Theory of Plasticityp. 349
13.3.1 The J[subscript 2] Deformation Theoryp. 349
13.3.2 Incremental J[subscript 2] Deformation Theoryp. 350
13.3.3 Anisotropic Deformation Theoryp. 351
13.4 Nonlinear Kinematic Hardeningp. 352
13.4.1 The Drucker-Palgen Model [13.19]p. 353
13.4.2 The Dafalias-Popov Two-Surface Modelp. 355
13.4.3 The Tseng-Lee Two-Surface Modelp. 358
Appendix A Mechanical Testingp. 361
A.1 Tensile and Compressive Material Stress-Strain Responsesp. 361
A.1.1 Tension Testsp. 361
A.1.2 Compression Testsp. 363
A.2 Toughnessp. 365
A.2.1 Charpy V-Notch Impact Test (CVN)p. 365
A.2.2 Drop-Weight Tear Test (DWTT)p. 368
A.3 Hardness Testsp. 368
A.4 Residual Stressesp. 369
Appendix B Plastic Anisotropy in Tubesp. 371
B.1 Anisotropy Testsp. 371
B.1.1 Lateral Pressure Testp. 372
B.1.2 Hydrostatic Pressure Testp. 373
B.1.3 Torsion Testp. 374
Appendix C The Ramberg-Osgood Stress-Strain Fitp. 376
Appendix D Sanders' Circular Cylindrical Shell Equationsp. 378
Appendix E Stress-Strain Fitting for the Dafalias-Popov Modelp. 380
Appendix F Stress-Strain Fitting for the Tseng-Lee Modelp. 383
Appendix G Glossary and Nomenclaturep. 386
Appendix H Units and Conversionsp. 393
Indexp. 395
Offshore oil and gas production was conducted throughout the entire 20th century, but the industry's modern importance and vibrancy did not start until the early 1970s, when the North Sea became a major producer. Since then, the expansion of the offshore oil industry has been continuous and rapid.
Pipelines, and more generally long tubular structures, are major oil and gas industry tools used in exploration, drilling, production, and transmission. Installing and operating tubular structures in deep waters places unique demands on them. Technical challenges within the field have spawned significant research and development efforts in a broad range of areas.
Volume I addresses problems of buckling and collapse of long inelastic cylinders under various loads encountered in the offshore arena. Several of the solutions are also directly applicable to land pipelines. The approach of Mechanics of Offshore Pipelines is problem oriented. The background of each problem and scenario are first outlined and each discussion finishes with design recommendations.
9780080467320 (v. 1) : £54.99 0080467326 (v. 1) : £54.99
GBA720201 bnb
013694067 Uk
Petroleum pipelines.
Natural gas pipelines.
Underwater pipelines.
Offshore structures.
665.544 / K.S.M.